In principle, what change in what DNA sequence ought to be able to cause the hemoglobin protein to be synthesized in nerve cells?Ībout how many differentiated cell types are there in the human body? About how many different genes do we have? In molecular terms (DNA, and all that), what does differentiation result from? What are five specific examples of differentiated cell types in humans?įrom which of the primary germ layers does each of these cell types differentiate? In terms of their embryological development, how are the lungs similar to the liver? What is paraxial mesoderm? What is lateral plate mesoderm? What is intermediate mesoderm?įrom what part of mammal embryos does the heart develop? What do kidneys develop from? What are somites? The cells of somites subsequently rearrange into what 4 subdivisions? *Compare the formation of the skeleton in sea urchin embryos as compared with skeleton formation in vertebrate embryos. Compare cleavage in each of these kinds of animals.
* But suggest how chemotaxis might also or instead contribute to such proper positioning of anatomical structures.Ĭompare and contrast a mammal egg cell with that of a frog, a bird, and a sea urchin. The lens of the eye needs to develop from the part of the somatic ectoderm directly above the eye cup (a part of the brain) this alignment is produced by induction **Conversely, suppose that some new genes are discovered in frogs and named the "no-mouth" gene or the "two-mouth" gene, or a "cyclops" gene, then how might these be related either to gastrulation or to stomodeum formation?Ĭontrast chemotaxis to what is meant by embryonic induction? If such chemotaxis did occur, then genetic mutations in genes for what sorts of proteins would result in abnormal gastrulation? *Suggest experiments that could disprove such chemotaxis as a guiding mechanism of gastrulation. Imagine that cells of the archenteron of a frog embryo became chemotactically attracted to cells of the stomodeum, what should happen? If you had several chemicals that you suspected of being chemotactic attractants for cells of a given species, how would you test them? What is the evidence that Dictyostelium amoebae use chemotaxis? If you separate the first two cells, or even the first 4 cells, of a sea urchin embryo, each can form a whole, normally-proportioned pluteus: what equivalent experiment can you do with Dictyostelium slugs? In terms of cell movements, contrast gastrulation in animal embryos with "fruiting" in Dictyostelium slugs. What is the genetic evidence that multicellularity must have evolved separately many times?ĭescribe the process by which Dictyostelium becomes multicellular. What kind of stimulation occurs when these two kinds of embryonic cells come into contact?Ĭompare gastrulation in human embryos versus bird embryos what about as compared with gastrulation in frog embryos, and in sea urchin embryos? Teeth develop from which two parts of vertebrate embryos? How is the archenteron related to the blastopore and to the stomodeum? Where is it located relative to the blastopore? Where does gastrulation begin in frog embryos as compared with sea urchin embryos? What are some organs that develop from each of the 3? Gastrulation is a process in which what moves where, and the cells of an animal embryo are subdivided into the 3 what? Name these 3? Trying to isolate as many as possible different mutant lines that are defective in some particular property is called a.
What could you reasonably hope to learn about the proteins needed for gastrulation by finding mutations in frogs which cause gastrulation to fail in embryos that are homozygous for this mutation? What is the defining property of the vegetal pole of an embryo? What two important kinds of cellular rearrangement occur at the vegetal pole of sea urchin embryos soon after the blastula stage of development?ĭoes anything like one of these rearrangements occur in the normal development of Volvox? Why are sea urchins used for so much research? Are sea urchins one of the genetic model organisms? Why or why not? *How is this method of swimming related to the usefulness of this genus of single celled algae as a genetic model organism? How do they swim? (both the algae and the sea urchin blastulae).
These algae are closely related to what genus of one-celled algae? Its morphology (shape and arrangement of cells) resembles that of what genus of alga? REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR FIRST EXAM BIOLOGY 104 EMBRYOLOGY 2004 SPRING * Stars and ** Two Stars mark especially difficult questions, that you shouldn't worry about too much if you aren't sure of the answers of questions preceded by a *:ĭescribe and/or draw blastula stage of development in a sea urchin. Biology 104 Spring 2004 Review for First Exam
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